Step 1: Prepare the Potato Dough

1. Boil the potatoes in salted water until fork-tender, then drain and let them cool slightly.
2. Mash the potatoes until smooth, making sure there are no lumps.
3. Add salt, black pepper, paprika, garlic powder, and cornstarch (or rice flour) to the mashed potatoes. Mix well until a soft, pliable dough forms.
4. Set aside while you prepare the filling.

Step 2: Prepare the Filling

For Cheese Filling:

1. In a small bowl, mix the shredded cheese with chopped parsley. Set aside.

For Meat Filling:

1. Heat 1 tablespoon olive oil in a pan over medium heat.
2. Add chopped onion and cook until soft and golden.
3. Add ground meat, breaking it apart as it cooks. Season with salt, black pepper, cumin, and paprika.
4. Cook until fully browned, then let it cool.

For Vegetable Filling:

1. Heat 1 teaspoon oil in a pan. Sauté mushrooms and garlic until tender.
2. Add spinach and cook for another minute.
3. Mix in crumbled feta cheese and let it cool.

Step 3: Assemble the Potato Cakes

1. Take a small handful of potato dough (about ¼ cup) and flatten it into a round disc.
2. Place a spoonful of your chosen filling in the center.
3. Carefully fold the edges over the filling and seal it into a smooth patty.
4. Repeat until all the potato dough is used up.

Step 4: Coat the Potato Cakes

1. Lightly coat each stuffed potato cake with flour or cornstarch.
2. Dip into beaten egg, then coat with breadcrumbs for extra crunch.

Step 5: Cook the Potato Cakes

For Pan-Frying:

1. Heat vegetable oil in a skillet over medium heat.
2. Fry each potato cake for 3-4 minutes per side until golden brown and crispy.
3. Drain on a paper towel to remove excess oil.

For Air-Frying:

1. Preheat the air fryer to 200°C (400°F).
2. Lightly spray the potato cakes with oil.
3. Air fry for 10-12 minutes, flipping halfway through.

For Baking:

1. Preheat oven to 220°C (425°F).
2. Place potato cakes on a parchment-lined baking sheet.
3. Spray with oil and bake for 20-25 minutes, flipping halfway.

Step 6: Serve and Enjoy!

1. Serve warm with yogurt dip, sour cream, or spicy garlic sauce.